Citizen Framing of Ferguson in 2015: Visual Representations on Twitter and Facebook

Authors

  • Gabriel B. Tait Arkansas State University
  • Mia N. Moody-Ramirez Baylor University
  • Lillie M. Fears Arkansas State University
  • Ceeon Q. Smith Arizona State University
  • Brenda A. Randle Arkansas State University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58997/smc.v32i1.22

Abstract

Using a critical race lens and framing theory, this exploratory study of visual representations on Twitter and Facebook explores the cultural narratives citizens used in their framing of the Ferguson riots in the aftermath of Michael Brown’s death in 2014. Findings indicate citizens posted photographs, texts, and videos to characterize the incident both positively and negatively using various frames and cultural narratives.

References

Al-Rawi, A. K. (2014). The Arab Spring and Online Protests in Iraq. International Journal of Communication (19328036), 8, 916–942. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.baylor.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ufh& AN=97253160&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Avidar, R. (2009). Avidar, Research in brief: Social media, societal culture and Israeli public relations practice, Public Relations Review 35 (2009), pp. 437–439.

Brantner, C., Lobinger, K., & Wetzstein, I. (2011). Effects of Visual Framing on Emotional Responses and Evaluations of News Stories about the Gaza Conflict 2009. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 88 (3), 523-540.

Bratich, J. (2014). Occupy All the Dispositifs: Memes, Media Ecologies, and Emergent Bodies Politic. Communication & Critical/Cultural Studies, 11(1), 64–73. doi:10.1080/14791420.2013.827351

C-SPAN. (2014, November 24). Ferguson, Missouri Grand Jury Decision Announcement. Retrieved January 15, 2015, from C-SPAN.org: http://www.c-span.org/video/?322925-1/ferguson-missouri-grand-jurydecision-announcement

Cabalin, C. (2014). Online and Mobilized Students: The Use of Facebook in the Chilean Student Protests. Estudiantes Conectados Y Movilizados: El Uso de Facebook En Las Protestas Estudiantiles En Chile., 22(43), 25–33. doi:10.3916/C43-2014-02

CBS/AP, & Am, 6:00. (2014, August). Ferguson and Michael Brown: 5 things you need to know. Retrieved October 24, 2014, from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ferguson-and-michael-brown-5-thingsyou-need-to-know/

Curnutt, H. (2012). Flashing Your Phone: Sexting and the Remediation of Teen Sexuality. Communication Quarterly, 60(3), 353–369. doi:10.1080/01463373.2012.688728

Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication , 43 (4), 51-58.

Erikson, C. (2012). 13 'Pinteresting' Facts About Pinterest Users. Mashable. Accessed on http://mashable.com/2012/02/25/pinterest-user-demographics/

Facebook. (2014, October 26). Facebook Product/Service. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/facebook/info?tab=page_info

Fahmy, S., Bock, M., & Wanta, W. (2014). Visual Communication Theory and Research: A Mass Communication Perspective. New York, NY, USA: Palgrave MacMillan.

Finn, J. M. (2012). Visual Communication and Culture: Images in Action. Don Mills, Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press.

"Framing News in 140 Characters: How Social Media Editors Frame the News and Interact with Audiences via Twitter" 2013. Global Media Journal, 6.

"From Usenet to Tumblr: The changing role of social media. (2013). Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception studies, 10(1).

Galbraith, D. (2012). The path to Pinterest: Visual bookmarks and grid sites. Gigaom. http://gigaom.com/2012/05/28/the-path-to-pinterest-visual-bookmarks-and-grid-sites/

George-Palilonis, J. (2012). The multimedia journalist : storytelling for today's media landscape : Storytelling for Today's Media Landscape. Cary, NC, USA: Oxford University Press.

Goode, L. (2009). Social news, citizen journalism and democracy. New Media & Society, 11(8), 1287–1305. doi:10.1177/1461444809341393

Gordon, T. (2014, August 15). How Racist Housing Policies, Media Framing Helped Fuel Tension, Outrage in Ferguson. Retrieved from Atlantablackstar.com: http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/08/15/racist-housing-policies-media-framing-helped-fuel-tension-outrage-ferguson/

Harlow, S. (2013). It was a “Facebook revolution”: Exploring the meme-like spread of narratives during the Egyptian protests. Fue Una “Revolución de Facebook”: Explorando La Narrativa de Los Meme Difundidos Durante Las Protestas Egipcias., 12, 59–82. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.baylor.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ufh&AN=92630500&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Hofstede, G. H., & Hofstede, G. J. (2005). Cultures and Organizations : Software of the Mind. London ; New York , NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.

Howard, P. N., & Parks, M. R. (2012). Social Media and Political Change: Capacity, Constraint, and Consequence. Journal Of Communication , 62 (2), 359-362.

Johnson, G. A., Tudor, B., & Nuseibeh, H. (2013). 140 Characters or Less: How Is the Twitter Mediascape Influencing the Egyptian Revolution?.Middle East Journal Of Culture & Communication, 6(1), 126-148. doi:10.1163/18739865-00503006

Johnstone, J. W., Slawski, E. J., & Bowman, W. W. (1972). The Professianal Values of American Newsmen. Public Opinion Quarterly , 36 (4), 522-540.

Kenney, K. R. (2009). Visual Communication Research Designs. New York, NY, USA: Routledge.

Kent, M.L. (2010). Directions in social media for professionals and scholars. Handbook of public relations. I: The Practice of Public Relations as Change Management. Accessed at http://facultystaff.ou.edu/K/Michael.L.Kent-1/PDFs/Kent_Social_Media.pdf

Lee, E. (2010). Chat, Stats, Secrets About Twitter What's Been Reported -- and What Hasn't -- Since Site's Sponsored-Tweets Announcement

Lehrman, S. (2014). Lessons from Ferguson: Earning the public’s trust. Quill, 102(5), 35–35. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.baylor.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ufh& AN=98929167&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Lester, P. M. (2005). Visual Communication: Images with Messages (4th ed.). Belmont, CA, USA: Wadsworth Publishing.

Miladi, N. (2011). New media and the Arab revolution: Citizen reporters and social activism. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 4(2&3), 113–119. doi:10.1386/jammr.4.2-3.113_2

PC.net. (2014, Octoboer 26). Facebook. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from PC.net: http://pc.net/glossary/definition/facebook

Penney, J., & Dadas, C. (2014). (Re)Tweeting in the service of protest: Digital composition and circulation in the Occupy Wall Street movement. New Media & Society, 16(1), 74–90. doi:10.1177/1461444813479593

Pew Research Center. (2010, September 12). Americans Spending More Time Following the News . Retrieved November 25, 2014, from Pew Research Center: http://www.people-press.org/files/legacypdf/652.pdf

Pew Research Center. (2012, September 13). Photos and Videos as Social Currency Online, from the Internet & American Life Project.

Poell, T. (2014). Social media and the transformation of activist communication: exploring the social media ecology of the 2010 Toronto G20 protests. Information, Communication & Society, 17(6), 716–731. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2013.812674

Roller, E. (2014, August 19). The Character Assassination of Michael Brown. Retrieved November 26, 2014, from National Journal Group Inc.: http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/the-characterassassination-of-michael-brown-20140819

Rybalko, S., & Seltzer, T. (2010). Dialogic communication in 140 characters or less: How Fortune 500 companies engage stakeholders using Twitter. Public Relations Review, 36(4), 336–341. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.08.004

Singer, J. B. (2014). User-generated visibility: Secondary gatekeeping in a shared media space. New Media & Society, 16(1), 55–73. doi:10.1177/1461444813477833

Singer, J. B. (2014). User-generated visibility: Secondary gatekeeping in a shared media space. New Media & Society, 16(1), 55–73. doi:10.1177/1461444813477833

Smith, K., Moriarty, S. E., Barbatsis, G., & Kenney, K. (2011). Handbook of Visual Communication: Theory, Methods, and Media. New York, NY, USA: Routledge.

Taylor, M., Kent, M. L., & White, W. J. (2001). How activist organizations are using the Internet to build relationships. Public Relations Review, 27(3), 263–284. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111(01)00086-8

Thurman, N. (2011). Making “The Daily Me”: Technology, economics and habit in the mainstream assimilation of personalized news. Journalism, 12(4), 395–415. doi:10.1177/1464884910388228

Theocharis, Y., Lowe, W., van Deth, J. W., & García-Albacete, G. (2015). Using Twitter to mobilize protest action: online mobilization patterns and action repertoires in the Occupy Wall Street, Indignados, and Aganaktismenoi movements. Information, Communication & Society, 18(2), 202-220. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2014.948035

Walker, L. (n.d.). The Visual Bookmarks List. A Guide to the Web's Top Visual Bookmarking Sites. About.com. http://personalweb.about.com/od/contentsharing/a/Visual-Bookmarks-List.htm

Wurff, R. v., & Schoenbach, K. (2014). Civic and Citizen Demands of News Media and Journalists: What Does the Audience Expect from Good Journalism? Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 91 (3), 433-451.

Downloads

Published

2019-06-03

Issue

Section

Articles